About The Cane Toad: Man’s Gamble At Controlling Nature Yellow Magpie

About The Cane Toad: Man’s Gamble At Controlling Nature

Cane Toads are quite a polarising animal. Depending on where you come from and what your attitude towards the large toad is, you will either love them or loathe them. People from countries to which the toads are native to appreciate their useful side. However, others cite them as a case in point on unforeseen circumstances when man tries to control nature.

Cane Toad

Typically, they measure up to 15 cm (six inches) in length. However, one particular specimen was recorded at 38 cm (15 inches) and 2.6 kg (5.8 lbs). They can live up to 15 years in the wild. However, they live much longer in captivity. Cane Toads (Bufo marinus) are native to Central and Southern America. However, thanks to breeding programmes they are now found in the Caribbean islands, Australasia and the United States.

Pest Controller Becomes Pest

There are in excess of 100 million cane toads in Australia. What is more their population is continuing to grow. 1935 was the year in which the toad was introduced to northern Queensland, Australia, in the hope of combating the cane beetle. The beetle was destroying the sugar cane crop. However, hope soon turned to despair as the locals realised that the toad was not doing anything to the beetle population. Worse was to come when toad numbers spiraled out of control and this was to have a devastating impact on native wildlife. In its natural environment, cane toads have many predators which help to curb its population.

Poisonous Nature

The Cane Toad is highly toxic. They have a large parotoid gland behind their eyes which when they are threatened secretes a milky fluid called bufotoxin. The Cane Toad is considered to be a pest largely because its toxic skin kills animals if it is eaten. They have a utilitarian diet in that will eat almost anything. Rodents, reptiles, birds, plants and rubbish comprises just a portion of their diet. Even large crocodiles have fallen victim to the toxins of the Cane Toad after eating them. Although they are mainly visual hunters they can detect their prey using their olfactory sense.

Adaptability

In Central and South America the cane toad population was kept under control by predators and high competition. In Australia the cane toad faced none of these obstacles. With little or no predators it was able to adapt exceedingly well to its new environment. Australia’s large road network provided the perfect way for the toad to travel. With roads they could farther than they would be able otherwise in the bush. As a result their physiology changed. They legs grew longer in length and this allowed them to travel even further each day.

Australian Nightmare

Cane toads reproductive cycle means that they hold a greater advantage then native frog species. Producing over four times more eggs that Australia frogs, they are a series threat to the native amphibians. What’s more cane toad tadpoles are poisonous which means they are unlikely to be eaten. This means that much more tadpoles are likely to reach maturity as a result. Because of the nature of the toad’s diet, they will eat anything, frog populations in Australia are in danger.

Measures To Curb The Cane Toad

Australia has started to take action and control the cane toad numbers. People gather in groups of ‘toadbusters‘ and hunt down the animal. Captured toads are turned into fertiliser. Anti-Animal Cruelty advocates have condemned practices such as ‘Cane Toad Golf’ which still continues. This is a practice in which the toads are used as golf balls. It is hoped that by curbing the toad populations using control measures the native animals will recover. As of yet, the cane toad has not caused any animal extinctions.

Beneficial Use

However, cane toads are not all bad news and they do have many positive benefits. In many other countries they have been successfully used as a natural form of pest control. In South America the toad is used by natives as a toxin to kill animals on hunts. The toad would be ‘milked’ and its toxins placed on arrowheads. In the 1950s they were used as a pregnancy test. Women would urinate on male toads lymph sacs. If she were pregnant the hormones in the urine would trigger the presence of sperm in the toad’s urine. They also continue to serve for scientific testing and educational purposes.